------------------------------------------------------------ UniNews The Biweekly Newsletter For UniForum Members ------------------------------------------------------------ Issue Date: October 12, 1994 Volume VIII, Number 17 ------------------------------------------------------------ UniNews is written and published by UniForum's publications department. For information on articles in this issue or to contribute news to future issues, contact Don Dugdale at don@uniforum.org or (408) 986-8840, ext. 29, or (800) 255-5620 ext. 29. Copyright 1994 by UniForum. All rights reserved. UNIX is a registered trademark, licensed exclusively by X/Open Co., Ltd. UniForum is a trademark of UniForum. Printed in USA. UniNews (ISSN 1069-0395) is published biweekly for $12 per year (membership dues) by UniForum, 2901 Tasman Dr., Suite 205, Santa Clara, CA 95054. 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Point your WWW client to http://www.uniforum.org. ------------------------------------------------------------ Table of Contents: o Second World-Wide Web Conference Fills to Capacity o The Web and How it Works o News Flash!: UniForum '95 Keynote o Tim Berners-Lee: The One Who Started It All o CommerceNet Helps Companies Feel Out the Web o NCSA's Joseph Hardin Heads Conference Planning o Web Technology's a Paradigm Shift, Says Co-Chairman o Standardization Effort Surrounds Web Language o When it comes to Open Computing, the solution is...UniForum '95**Ad** o UniNews Recruitment & Positions Wanted o Tell Colleagues about UniForum Membership o UniForum Member Benefits o Open Systems Industry Hiring Professionals Know ...**Ad** ------------------------------------------------------------ Second World-Wide Web Conference Fills to Capacity --------------------------------------------------- Four-day Chicago meeting will draw 1,000 for 'Mosaic and the Web' An overflow attendance of more than 1,000 is expected at the Second International World-Wide Web Conference, "Mosaic and the Web," in Chicago Oct. 17-20. Originally limited to 600, registrations were sold out eight weeks following the July announcement of the event. Attendance is expected to triple the number who went to the first international Web conference, held last May at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory, near Geneva, Switzerland. Interest in the conference especially surprised the organizers since advertising was done only on the Web itself and through contributed distributions by sponsors and supporters. More than 10,000 interested persons accessed the Open Software Foundation (OSF) server listing Web conference registration information. Sponsors include the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the OSF Research Institute, the National Science Foundation, and CERN, in cooperation with UniForum. Keynote speaker is Dr. Larry Smarr, director NCSA. Smarr will speak on "Mosaic and the Future of the National Information Infrastructure." Day one of the conference, Oct. 17, is devoted to eight tutorials, covering an introduction to Mosaic, advanced features of Mosaic, basic and advanced topics in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), management of content on WWW servers, systems administration of Web servers, system administration of WWW servers, media issues, and security. Days two and three, Oct. 18 and 19, will feature two days of conference sessions, including presentation of 178 papers in 50 panel sessions, each with between one and seven papers. Both technology and user experiences are included. For example: o Building HTML Application Systems: Converting Existing MS-Windows Applications to HTML. o Providing Data on the Web: from Examples to Programs. o A Webmaster's Starter Kit o An Architecture for Scholarly Electronic Publishing on the World-Wide Web. o The Media Business on the WWW o Organizing Information in Mosaic: a Classroom Experiment Day four, Oct. 20, will include sessions for Mosaic and Web software developers. The range of attendees is expected to be wider than at last May's conference. But according to Ira Goldstein, conference co-chairman and director of research and advanced development at the OSF Research Institute, it's primarily for people who know the Internet. "It is for end users who have heard of the Internet and maybe have started looking at the Web, who really want to get a perspective on what's happening in other user sites, what the technology suppliers are doing and, maybe, what's coming down the road next," says Goldstein. Future conferences are being planned by the International World-Wide Web Conference Committee, at the rate of two per year. One is planned for next spring at the Fraunhofer Center for Research in Computer Graphics in Darmstadt, Germany. The site for the Fall 1995 conference has not been decided. Complete information about the upcoming conference can be viewed on the Web. The access URL is: http://rlww.osf.org:8001/ri/announcements/WWW_Conf_F94.html End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ The Web and How it Works ------------------------- WWW: World Wide Web. Also spelled WorldWide Web, World-Wide Web or World-Wide-Web. Also called Web or W3. Developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee with sponsorship by the European Particle Physics Laboratory, known as CERN. The server program used with the client program, called Mosaic, to form a web, which is used to distribute information on the Internet. For example, an electronic paper about the history of UNIX found on one host may have hypertext references to an electronic paper about MULTICS found on another host half-way around the world. All of this information is linked together to form an intricate web of information. -from UNIX: An Open Systems Dictionary From the user's perspective, the World-Wide Web is a non-linear sequence of pages, containing a combination of text and graphics. Any page may contain hypertext-highlighted or underlined words or phrases that the user can click on for more information, sending him or her deeper and deeper into the Web's structure. To link to the Web, the user needs only an Internet connection and an interface tool such as Mosaic, acting as a client. Using an address line called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), the user can link immediately to an organization's home page. From there, the possible links are infinite, giving the user access not only to that organization's server, but to other servers as well, where hypertext links are present. Organizations and companies with Web servers have obtained a permanent Internet connection, allowing clients to access their home pages via the organization's own URL (usually beginning http://). Their servers contain documents coded with HyperText Markup Language (HTML), a tagging code whose functions include designating the links to other pages. The Web's standard protocol is Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP). Organizations maintain their own documents and servers and update the information as needed. Some documents may have restricted access, requiring a password, or allow the user to send information back to the server using a form. As an abstract information space, the Web is independent of all networks and administration is completely decentralized. "Anybody can publish, anybody can make links, and so to a certain extent, it's self-organizing or self-disorganizing," says Web creator Tim Berners-Lee. "The saving grace is that you make extra links only if you think they're worth reinforcing. Only rich and useful areas become reference points. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ News Flash!: UniForum '95 Keynote ---------------------------------- UniForum is pleased to announce that Bruce Tognazzini, distinguished engineer in the strategic technology office at SunSoft, will deliver the keynote address at UniForum '95 on Thursday, March 16. "Tog" joined SunSoft two years ago after 14 years at Apple Computer, where he was human interface evangelist, and is best known for his breakthrough work on the Apple II and human interface efforts. Among his current projects is a movie, Star Fire, that predicts the future of the Workstation in the Year 2005. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ Tim Berners-Lee: The One Who Started It All -------------------------------------------- World-Wide Web creator looks to the future The World-Wide Web was created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, an Oxford University graduate with background in real-time communications and text processing software development. Berners-Lee devised the basis of the Web as a method of enabling the people working on a project to easily link to each other's information. Berners-Lee was a consultant at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory, near Geneva, Switzerland, when he found himself having to figure out the relationships and interdependencies between people, programs, and pieces of hardware at CERN. Working from an earlier program he had written, he made a hypertext file system-one designed to lay a new image over the old one every time the user found a new avenue to explore and clicked on a given word or phrase. "CERN had very complex structures," Berners-Lee says. "I needed the power of hypertext and the unrestrained ability to represent any relationship. This sort of information about what is going on and what is related to what is very important when you're running a project." Berners-Lee quickly began to see his program as helpful to any group of people working together. "The idea was, it would be a common knowledge base. First, I wanted the people to be able to get all my information. But more importantly, I wanted to know if they already had used it. There was a requirement that if two groups started using information independently, and they started to develop links between the groups, that they could represent these links. The knowledge bases could then fuse without having to make any big changes or to copy databases." After producing a Web prototype, Berners-Lee acquired a Next computer, which had just become available. He then wrote a WWW browser and a WYSIWYG editor, both within a two-month period in late 1990. He credits the NextStep environment with the short completion time. Development time for a browser on the X Window System subsequently took a year, he notes. Berners-Lee and a CERN collaborator, Robert Cailliau, continued to develop the Web working in the Next environment, sharing their ideas using hypertext as they worked. As the work went on, Berners-Lee realized the huge potential of the application. But he also realized that people might never use it if they couldn't find some useful information to link to in the first place. So he and Cailliau began putting in gateways to various databases, each with its own server giving it a continuous link to the Web. "When you say 'I designed a neat hypertext system,' you put yourself in the ranks of thousands of people who have done it before," Berners-Lee says. "You can explain to people until you're blue in the face that it's neat, but it won't wash because nobody will read it if there is no data in there. And nobody will put any data in there because there's nobody reading it. The way we found of bootstrapping it was by finding servers which provided entry to existing databases. That was a really powerful way of getting large amounts of data on-line very quickly." But the expansion brought Berners-Lee some regret. In turning the Web into largely an information resource, he also found that the Web's collaborative element got lost. Those who maintain the servers must now be in the loop when changes are made, instead of allowing users to make immediate hypertext links in others' work. "It lost its immediacy, and that's something I'm pushing for very much-to bring the collaborative aspect of it back and to make it more interactive, so that the knowledge can be fresher," Berners-Lee says. The bootstrap worked. The Web expanded slowly at first, then caught fire in 1993. The availability of the Mosaic interface tool, as well as companies and organizations eager to get their information servers in on the ground floor, led to an explosion in traffic. World-Wide Web volume on the National Science Foundation network backbone (NSFnet) service rose from about 5,000 megabytes in March 1993 to 750,000 megabytes in March 1994. During a nine-month period ending last March, the number of Web servers increased from about 130 to more than 1,260. Although he still has ties with CERN, Berners-Lee moved earlier this year to Cambridge, MA. There, based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology he directs the W3 Organization (W3O), an industry consortium now being formed, whose job it will be to coordinate the evolution of standards and contributions. Although not a standards body itself, the W3O will be able to work closely with such bodies during the development of standards. A list of founding members is expected in about a month, after contracts are signed. "We already have a long list of people who have been extremely excited about joining and pushing us to get going," Berners-Lee says. An objective that Berners-Lee hopes the W3O will help with is insuring that the Web standards remain both open and common to all servers. He worries that "We could have companies going out and making sub-worlds of the Web, which only work with their software and which are not accessible by other people. I feel that would be a major step backward and I'm sure it's something the world doesn't need." Technological changes will be another item on the W3O's agenda, changes that include a more efficient protocol and adding of computer-readable semantics. In the future, Berners-Lee expects that computers will do a lot of the Web browsing that people now do themselves. However, that's possible only if the computer can read an object and determine exactly what it's looking at. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ CommerceNet Helps Companies Feel Out the Web --------------------------------------------- Fifty companies test the waters with self-help trade group The increasing number of commercial ventures on the Internet has quickly spread to the World-Wide Web, where companies are beginning to offer catalogs, directories, indexes and other information. Although business transactions via the Web are not widespread, the infrastructure is evolving to make that possible. Commercialization has been welcomed by Web and Mosaic developers, including Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the Web, and Joseph Hardin, associate director for software development at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois. "We've been arguing for the last two years that the Internet needs to become more commercial, in the sense of being open to commercial activity," Hardin says, "because that's the only way that we're really going to get the bandwidth we want for the kinds of things we want to do. People need to be able to make money over the Net." One of the highest-profile commercial endeavors has been CommerceNet, the first large-scale market trial of electronic commerce on the Internet, which was formally launched last April. With headquarters in Santa Clara, CA, CommerceNet is a non-profit, federally funded organization with a three-year mission to help bootstrap the use of the Web by private companies. CommerceNet now has about 50 member companies, most of whom have established servers on the Web containing information available to the public. The CommerceNet Web server is accessible at the URL http://www.commerce.net/, where a directory of member companies is available. CommerceNet's sponsoring organizations are BARRNet, the San Francisco Bay Area Internet access provider; Enterprise Integration Technologies of Palo Alto, CA, research and development consultants; and Stanford University's Center for Information Technology. The organizations felt Web commerce needed encouragement, says Allan Schiffman, chief technical officer of EIT. "When technology's in its early days, nobody's very confident about taking on a new market alone," Schiffman says. "But then when things start to become clearer, people start feeling their competitive oats. Big companies now are still feeling their way out on the Internet. What their role is they're not completely sure. They want that to be part of the future, but how they play in the marketplace they're not certain." Company activities are largely limited to information now because of the lack of security on the Web and the Internet generally. "What you're seeing CommerceNet members do at this stage is bringing their product catalogs on-line and making their sales literature available," Schiffman says. They even have some facilities for doing ordering." Transactions are another problem. "If you can't do the most fundamental things, namely keep your information confidential between a buyer and a seller, and if you can't identify who the seller is or who the buyer is, then it's really hard to get very far," Schiffman says. "Big companies are really worried. When they send stuff to a customer, they want to make sure that people can't steal it and can't see what they're doing. They want to be able to supply confidential information and they want to be able to get paid for things. They can't do any of these things without some kind of a security mechanism." A step toward allowing secure transactions was taken in August with the beta release of a secure version of NCSA Mosaic, the most popular Web interface. The software was developed as a cooperative effort among EIT, RSA Data Security, and NCSA. Full release of the product is expected sometime in October to CommerceNet members, and a general NCSA distribution will come later, Schiffman said. Secure Mosaic is supposed to make secure commercial transactions possible. The secure version of NCSA Mosaic allows users to affix digital signatures that cannot be repudiated, as well as time stamps to contracts so that they become legally binding and auditable. In addition, sensitive information such as credit card numbers and bid amounts can be securely exchanged under encryption. In the meantime, CommerceNet is helping its member companies establish their servers, get up on the Web and make their product information available. Some members are starting to work together on cooperative products to do more things, like electronic data interchange over the Internet and building multivendor catalogs. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ NCSA's Joseph Hardin Heads Conference Planning ----------------------------------------------- Mosaic developer has high hopes for the future If the World-Wide Web is the Emerald City of the '90s, Mosaic is the Yellow Brick Road. Mosaic was created by software developers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois as an access tool for Web servers and other sources of information on the Internet. NCSA's original project lead for Mosaic was Joseph Hardin, associate director for software development at NCSA and co-chairman of the Second International World-Wide Web Conference, "Mosaic and the Web." The conference, the first in the United States to be devoted to Web development, is the result of months of planning by Hardin, co-chairman Ira Goldstein of the Open Software Foundation Research Institute, and other members of the International WWW Conference Committee. The huge growth interest in the Web in 1993 led to discussions between NCSA and CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics where the Web originated, last winter, about holding a conference. As a result, two were scheduled: the first at CERN, in Switzerland, last May, and the second in Chicago Oct. 17-20. The conference committee also was formed to schedule and plan future conferences and to provide continuity. "We've been working closely with CERN, since the technologies and our interests are so closely tuned," Hardin says. "We're both scientific research institutions and associated with the academic and research engineering communities, so it was just a natural liaison." The Chicago conference, which has been sold out for weeks, will include "everything of interest to users and organizations interested in learning about the Web, from both a public and a commercial perspective," Hardin says. "We think it's going to be fascinating." Because of the high interest in the conference, the organizers are looking into, but not promising, the use of remote sites with conference sessions multicast to faraway locations via the MBone, the Internet Protocol Multicast Backbone, or via phone lines. The MBone was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force for experiments with broadcasting messages. "This is a global phenomenon," Hardin says. "One of the things we want to do is allow a lot of people to participate without necessarily having to come here. Since we are constantly pushing the boundaries of what can be done over the Net, the next natural step is for us to have remote sites participate in an increasingly interactive way. Broadcast via satellite is a future possibility, Hardin believes. "Using existing teleconferencing technology is too expensive and it violates the ethic of the Net anyway. The goal, and the joy of the Net, is to collapse that kind of thing down into the Web. So we're trying out different ideas. It's just a dream right now." *** Development of Mosaic Mosaic development began after David Thompson, an NCSA developer, introduced the Web to NCSA's software development group. Subsequently, Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina of NCSA developed most of the application. "When we looked at the World-Wide Web and the first browsers, we all looked at each other-Marc and Dave and I-and said, 'Wow, we can do a lot with this. Let's try it out and see what happens.'" The objective was to build a graphical interface to the Web, having it apply across the Macintosh Windows, X Window and Microsoft Windows platforms. All three platforms are now supported. A forms functionality was added, allowing clients to interact with information on the Web by sending information back to the server. "The idea was for this to be a collaborative technology more than just an information delivery technology," Hardin says. "There's a real danger of passivity on the Net-of people staying too much in the traditional perspective of broadcast technology, where you sit passively in front of a television. The fun is when you actually get involved." Now NCSA has licensed Mosaic technology to several companies, hoping to see the technology develop commercially even as the public version is developed in parallel and remains available free of charge. In addition, NCSA has assigned future commercial licensing rights for Mosaic to Spyglass, Savoy, IL. "We were looking for some company that essentially shared our vision that the public version of the software was not competition for a commercial version, but rather helped create markets for it," Hardin says. "It's a good thing that a public version remain viable and vibrant and continue to be developed. Spyglass will work with all the existing licensees and license to people like IBM and DEC. That frees us from this incredible amount of effort that was directed toward trying to figure out what a commercial approach should be." Hardin sees encouragement in the move of Encyclopedia Britannica to make its product available on Mosaic and the Web. "They have confidence that millions of people will be able to read their material because the standards of HTML and Mosaic are there. Otherwise, they would be at the mercy of providers like Prodigy and America OnLine and CompuServe, whom they originally approached. This is an example of an opening that I think will lead to diversity, proliferation, and creativity-and in the future, as we look back in history, one of the revolutionary characteristics of the next generation of global communications." NCSA Mosaic for the X Window System is available at ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in /Mosaic. Both source code and binaries (for Sun, SGI, IBM RS/6000, DEC Alpha OSF/1, DEC ULTRIX, and HP-UX) are available. You don't need to have Motif installed on your system to run NCSA Mosaic if you pick up a precompiled binary. However, you do need Motif 1.1 to compile Mosaic. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ Web Technology's a Paradigm Shift, Says Co-Chairman ---------------------------------------------------- OSF's Goldstein calls the Web 'a revolution in access technology' Leaders in the Open Software Foundation (OSF) decided a year ago that the World-Wide Web would be an important area of computing, and one that OSF members would need to know about. As a result, the OSF Research Institute decided to co-sponsor the upcoming Second International World-Wide Web Conference in Chicago. Ira Goldstein, director of research and advanced development, is co-chairman of the conference. "We concluded that Web activity was extremely significant to how computing would be used in the rest of the '90s and beyond," Goldstein says. "So we made commitments in our research program, in the kind of information we will try to communicate to the OSF membership, and commitments to facilitate this whole area." The technology surrounding the Web, Goldstein believes, is "a technology that's going to be absolutely ubiquitous." After talks between OSF and representatives from CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, where the Web was developed, and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, where Mosaic was developed, it was the sense of the group that both technology and usage are evolving so quickly that conferences need to be held frequently. Since the first conference was held in May, "A variety of companies have reached the marketplace with their enhanced Mosaic," Goldstein says. "I think we'll see improved tools for placing material on the Web. I think the biggest thing is the continued usage of the Web, so there will be lots of talks by people who are using it in government and industry, the arts, and education. I think from the growing body of experience, we'll distill what's working well, what needs attention, and what might be less important." As an experiment, OSF decided to advertise mostly via the Web and through UniForum, which is supporting the conference. The conference sold out in eight weeks. Based on that experience, "I would say that the Web is a pretty significant kind of communication medium," Goldstein says. "A couple of years from now, you really would reach a very significant percentage of the knowledge worker community." What interests Goldstein most about Mosaic and the Web is that "This is all becoming a real paradigm shift in how we publish and communicate knowledge. There was the paradigm shift of the printing press that moved us from an aural culture to a very small number of written manuscripts, very expensive and only for the very special, to a culture in which the printed book was common. With the Web, what's happening is, first of all, the diversity of knowledge, the multimedia character of it is broader and richer, and your ability to publish it individually is enormously increased. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ Standardization Effort Surrounds Web Language ---------------------------------------------- HTML specification to be published by IETF An ongoing effort to standardize the World-Wide Web's text-tagging language is now centered on the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The standardization effort concerns the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the standard set of tags used to prepare text for use on the Web, which is used by anyone preparing documents to be placed in a Web server and accessed by Web clients. HTML is one of a set of languages comprised by Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), the data encoding system that allows information in documents to be shared-either by other document publishing systems or by applications performing electronic delivery and other functions. SGML is a vendor-neutral, formal international standard, as HTML is intended to be. Tim Berners-Lee originated HTML as he was developing the Web. Since then, a leader in standardization efforts for HTML has been Dan Connolly, software engineer for Hal Software Systems, Austin, TX. As the Web became popular, Connolly discovered HTML on USENET, the worldwide UNIX bulletin board, where Berners-Lee had posted it. "I tried to come up with a document type definition-an SGML specification, basically-and it fit like a square peg in a round hole," Connolly says. Eventually, others wanted to know what was legal and what was not using HTML, so Connolly continued his standardization effort, trying to retrofit HTML to SGML. A draft HTML specification was published for the first time on the Internet in June 1993. As items such as footnotes, superscript, and text centering needed to be added to the basic tags for headers, lists, paragraphs and links, a new specification called HTML Plus came into use, beginning in Bristol, England. Since March of this year, Connolly and Web and Mosaic developers, have been trying to produce a published specification through a working group of the IETF. "We kept spinning iterations and trying to get it just right," Connolly says. The specification is scheduled to come out as an Internet request for comment (RFC) from the IETF late this year. Once the specification is published, the IETF will be responsible for approving new features. "We're doing the best we can just to get this standard, that describes what's been going on for months, out the door," Connolly says. Developing the standard has been a job of delicately balancing actual coding practices with the SGML standard itself. Both are important. "What people are doing is important so that when somebody goes to implement a new browser, he'll be able to use all the data that's out there," Connolly says. "The other side is to try to use SGML because it's an ISO [International Standards Organization] standard and there are benefits to be gained. For example, since we used SGML, the documents can use readers for blind people where you can take an SGML document and feed it in and it will read to them." End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ When it comes to Open Computing, the solution is...UniForum '95**Ad** --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Official Conference and Exposition for Open Computing Solutions UniForum '95 March 14-16, 1995 Dallas Convention Center Dallas, Texas Register by fax! Call 617-449-5554, enter Code 70 and have your fax number ready - we'll fax back your registration form within 24 hours! NEW UniForum on-line ... for the lastest information! Internet World Wide Web URL:http://www.uniforum.org Now managed by The Interface Group, the producer of Comdex. 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With more than 11 years teaching and writing about UNIX, instructor and noted expert Ray Swartz brings UNIX down to earth and right onto your video screen. Special discounts available for UniForum members. For more information or to order contact Berkeley Decision Systems, 803 Pine St., Santa Cruz, CA 95062. Phone (800) 408-8649. Fax (408) 458-2721. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ Open Systems Industry Hiring Professionals Know ...**Ad** --------------------------------------------------------- The Source is UniNews Hiring professionals in the open systems industry face real challenges in today's competitive marketplace. They don't have time to waste. So they look to the right sources to attract the right candidates. They know that one of the best places to advertise for highly qualified open systems professionals is in UniNews. UniNews is the twice monthly official newsletter of the UniForum Association - the world's largest organization of open systems professionals. UniNews goes by mail and by E-mail to 11,000 computer industry readers - all of them members of UniForum. UniNews readers are intensely interested in their careers. They read UniNews for information and news they can trust and act on. You can reach these same receptive people with your recruitment advertising - at low cost. Space in each issue is limited and is on a first reserved basis. For complete information, samples and rates please fax us at UniNews Jobs - (408) 986-1645; or by E-mail to dick@uniforum.org, or write us at UniNews, 2901 Tasman Drive, Suite 205, Santa Clara, CA 95054. End Article ------------------------------------------------------------ End UniNews.